This essay reexamines the four-principle approach to biomedical ethics in the context of ethics education in general and in relation to possible ethics discourse within a community of inquiry in particular. A community of inquiry is the setting for learning and education in philosophy for children. This community enables children to acquire critical thinking and other skills as part of democratic education. The use of the four principles approach tends to contribute to a practice that limits critical thinking skills because (...) of the constraints on the conceptual tools that tend to be used. It has also had the effect of promoting conceptual ambiguity by encouraging the use of limited conceptual molds, thus giving rise to the possibility of multiple interpretations among diverse users, especially in the field of global bioethics. While recognizing the continuing appeal of the approach as a conceptual tool for ethical decision-making the essay brings out the limitations that need to be overcome in order to promote the clarity that the four principles approach is meant to possess. (shrink)

Se fundamenta una concepción sistémica de las contradicciones a tener en cuenta en la investigación educativa, en la que se incluyen las de esencia lógico formal y las de índole dialéctica . Se trabajó con métodos propios del nivel teórico del conocimiento para sistematizar información proveniente de la bibliografía consultada y de las experiencias en la formación de doctores en Pedagogía registradas por el autor. Se ofrecen pautas metodológicas básicas para valorar las contradicciones develadas al comunicar los resultados científicos. A (...) systemic conception of the contradictions to keep in mind in the educational investigations is presented. In this general understanding the contradiction type logical - formal and of dialectical nature are included. Methods of the theoretical level of the knowledge were utilized to systematize information coming from the consulted bibliography and of experiences in Ph. D. in Pedagogy tuition, registered by the author. Some basic methodological rules are offered to value the devalued contradictions when communicating the scientific results. (shrink)

Knowledge about maize varieties is the key to rural households' survival in native Mexico. Native peoples relate to nature in particular ways and they play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity. This paper discusses the relationship between native women's accumulated knowledge on maize varieties and the laboratory analysis of the species that they manage. Fieldwork was conducted in an Otomí community, San Pablo Arriba, located in the state of Mexico.

In this papper, we will do a travel to the history about Movimiento 19 de Abril, a Colombian guerrilla, and one of their units: the Batallón América. This army was conformed for four groups: M-19 and Movimiento Armado Quintín Lame, Alfaro Vive Carajo, and Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru. This battalion was a perfect example about the relation of M-19 with national and international guerrillas, and the Socialist International. Across this paper, we will show a primal idea about the internationalism in (...) the Latin American guerrillas, its effects in the posterior history from these guerrillas, the important paper from the Batallón América in their strategy about the cooperation between guerrillas in Colombia and the creation of a transnational revolutionary army in the Latin American continent. (shrink)

The European Commission has recently proposed the introduction of legally binding quotas for women on corporate boards of European companies. This proposal has put the spotlight on the question of whether increasing female representation on the board brings economic benefits to the firm. In order to shed light on the issue, this study investigates the direct and indirect effects of women on the board on firm value. We use a simultaneous equation model to estimate the effects of women on the (...) board on firm value, financial performance, and compliance with ethical and social principles adopted by the firm. We find no evidence that a higher female representation on the board directly affects firm’s value. However, we find indirect effects. Women on the board are positively related with financial performance (measured in terms of return on assets and return on sales) and with ethical and social compliance, which in turn are positively related with firm value. The findings in this study suggest that greater female representation on corporate boards of large European firms can increase firm value indirectly. Further, part of the indirect effect comes from stronger compliance with ethical principles, something that is not captured by accounting-based financial performance. (shrink)

This paper presents a graffito written after firing on a Samian-ware bowl dated to the turn of the first and second centuries c.e., which seems to contain part of a hexameter included in the well-known anthology Carmina XII sapientum, the composition of which has recently been attributed to the Christian author Lactantius.

An experimental breast-feeding education programme conducted at the Philippine General Hospital in Manila demonstrated that women could be motivated to improve their breast-feeding practices and lengthen their period of lactational amenorrhoea in comparison to a control group. Mothers who participated in the programme breast-fed their babies more frequently, delayed the introduction of regular supplements, used fewer bottles and pacifiers and maintained night feeding longer than mothers who were not exposed to the positive breast-feeding messages. The programme was successful in lengthening (...) the period of amenorrhoea among women with elementary, high school, or technical school education, but not among college-educated women. Different educational approaches may be necessary for women of different education levels. (shrink)

Taking the work of Gianni Vattimo and Santiago Zabala, Hermeneutic Communism, as a point of departure, this essay explores the concept of pensiero debole (weak thought) and its application to progressive contemporary Latin American governments, which the authors describe as “communist in spirit.” The essay embraces pensiero debole as a method to disagree with Vattimo and Zabala’s assessment and to contrast the policies of state capitalism carried out by those governments to the praxis of anti-systemic social movements engaged in a (...) reformulation of territorial autonomy consonant with what John Holloway calls Change the World Without Taking Power. (shrink)

Taking the work of Gianni Vattimo and Santiago Zabala, Hermeneutic Communism, as a point of departure, this essay explores the concept of pensiero debole and its application to progressive contemporary Latin American governments, which the authors describe as “communist in spirit.” The essay embraces pensiero debole as a method to disagree with Vattimo and Zabala’s assessment and to contrast the policies of state capitalism carried out by those governments to the praxis of anti-systemic social movements engaged in a reformulation of (...) territorial autonomy consonant with what John Holloway calls Change the World Without Taking Power. (shrink)

The author describes a peripatetic course aiming at undermining ethnocentric biases that are at the root of certain failures of miscommunication. The course involves a description of two semiotic models (the Saussarian and Peircean) and their application to cases of communication involving radical cultural difference, specifically the interpretive efforts of both conquering Spaniards and conquered Native Americans. Since the Peircean semiotic model requires a contextual-understanding of the Other in order for successful communication, the author contends that it is necessary for (...) philosophy courses to be both historically oriented and provide greater global awareness. To this end, the author gives an account of a philosophy course involving ten American liberal arts students who retrace the route of Spanish conquistadors form Veracruz to Mexico City and that of Dominican missionaries from Oaxaca to Chiapas. (shrink)

En las últimas décadas, las redes sociales virtuales se han convertido en espacios centrales para los/as jóvenes. Allí comparten información, se comunican con amigos/as, conocen gente y muestran su vida cotidiana. El enfoque dramatúrgico de Goffman ha sido ampliamente retomado para estudiar las prácticas on line de los/as jóvenes. Sin embargo, han sido menos frecuentes las investigaciones orientadas a comprender las normas que organizan el comportamiento juvenil en los espacios virtuales. En este artículo, analizamos las prácticas de presentación del sí (...) mismo que realizan en Instagram jóvenes estudiantes secundarios de clases medias altas de La Plata (Buenos Aires, Argentina), con el objetivo de identificar las reglas y los significados detrás del uso de esta plataforma. A su vez, buscamos comprender de qué manera los/as jóvenes se relacionan con estas reglas de comportamiento y con la presión de los/as pares para formar parte de espacios de sociabilidad on line. Para esto, a partir de un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, que combinó entrevistas biográficas con observaciones virtuales de publicaciones de Instagram, indagamos en las prácticas para mostrarse e interactuar on line de 27 varones y mujeres de entre 15 y 18 años. A partir de nuestra investigación, identificamos dos regulaciones principales para mostrarse en Instagram, asentadas en la imagen corporal y el estilo de vida. En relación al tipo de imagen corporal que se debe mostrar, encontramos una tendencia a la reproducción de estereotipos de género, donde se destacan la importancia de la delgadez, principalmente entre las mujeres, y de la musculatura, entre los varones. Con respecto a los estilos de vida, las regulaciones identificadas se orientan a la imitación de la vida cotidiana de personas famosas, enfatizando la importancia del consumo, la belleza y el entretenimiento. (shrink)

La teoría husserliana de la constitución es el método de la fenomenología como filosofía trascendental. Su problema específico es la constitución de objetividades en la conciencia. La reducción trascendental descubre la estructura noético-noemática de la conciencia, abriendo así el acceso a una esfera absoluta de reladones cidéticas. El análisis fenomenológico de la vivencia nos enfrenta con dos seres en sí: la conciencia y el ser de que se tiene conciencia. Lacuestión de la evidencia plantea el problema de la legitimidad racional (...) de toda correlación entre conciencia, verdad y ser. Lafenomenología tiene su fundamento en la «subjetividad trascendental absoluta».The husserlian theory of constitution is the method of phenomenology as transcendental philosophy. Its specific problem is the constitution ofobjectivities in consciousness.The transcendental reduction uncovers the noetic-noematic structure of consciousnes, opening up in tbat way the acreas to an absolute sphere of eidetic relationships. Tbe phenomenological analysis of experiential process confronts us withtwo beings: the consciousnessand the being aware of one’s consciousness. As regards evidence one thinks about the problem of rational legitimacy of every correlation between consciousness, truth and heing. Phenomenology has its foundations in the «absolute transcendental subjectivity». (shrink)

La teoría husserliana de la constitución es el método de la fenomenología como filosofía trascendental. Su problema especifico es la constitución de objetividades en la conciencia. La reducción trascendental descubre la estructura noético-noemática de la conciencia, abriendo así el acceso a una esfera absoluta de relaciones eidéticas. El análisis fenomenológico de la vivencia nos enfrenta con dos seres en si: la conciencia y el ser de que se tiene conciencia. La cuestión de la evidencia plantea el problema de la legitimidad (...) racional de toda correlación entre conciencia, verdad y ser. La fenomenología tiene su fundamento en la "subjetividad trascendental absoluta". (shrink)

Resumen Tomando como punto de partida las condiciones del contexto socio político donde se originó el brote epidémico del virus SARS-CoV-2, los autores analizan la influencia que tuvo el principio de beneficencia como una de las razones éticas que condujeron al oftalmólogo Li Wenliang a alertar a través de la red social Weibo, sobre el surgimiento de un brote epidémico distinto, por su agresividad, al del SARS. Se asume que dicho principio puede comprenderse a partir de un enfoque donde se (...) conjugan referentes occidentales -la primera formulación del imperativo categórico kantiano y el legado hipocrático- y orientales -el principio del Ren o humanidad, derivado del pensamiento confuciano-. El artículo concluye señalando que en un mundo interrelacionado donde las prácticas médicas tienen fundamentos científicos universales, es posible tomar decisiones éticas médicas válidas para diferentes contextos culturales, siempre y cuando se continúe avanzando en el terreno de un diálogo inter-civilizatorio con perspectiva horizontal.This article analyzes the influence of the principle of beneficence as one of the ethical reasons that led ophthalmologist Li Wenliang to alert, using the Weibo plaform, about the emergence of an epidemic outbreak different from SARS. Accordingly, we discuss the socio-political context of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in China. We assume that the principle of beneficence might be understood from an approach combining Western references - the first formulation of the Kantian categorical imperative and the Hippocratic legacy - with Oriental ones - the Ren or humanity, derived from Confucian thought. We conclude that in an interrelated world, with medical practices having universal scientific foundations, it is possible to validate medical ethical decisions from different cultural contexts, as long as progress continues in the field of an inter-civilizational dialogue with a horizontal perspective. (shrink)

Prólogo -- La democracia -- El socialismo -- El comunismo -- Fascismo y nazismo -- Bases ideológicas de la revolución mexicana -- El aprismo.

El objetivo de estas breves notas esquemáticas es trazar una visión de conjunto del hombre religioso y de la esencia de la religiosidad. Ofrezco primero una presentación de los niveles de la experiencia de la interioridad religiosa -vida, espíritu, misterio inefable- en versión libre y moderna de las hipóstasis plotinianas: alma, inteligencia, uno-bien (nn. 1, 2, 3). Sigue después una visión de las unidades sintéticas reales, desde las cuales puede hablarse de sujeto religioso: la persona, el cosmos (por extensión), la (...) comunidad (nn. 4, 5, 6). Estas dos presentaciones del hombre religioso nos permitirán acercarnos a la determinación de la esencia de la religiosidad (nn. 7, 8, 9), para ver cómo es una esencia que sobrepasa toda esencia o estructura (n. 10), en tanto que núcleo dinámico (n, 11) previo a toda diferenciación de momentos estructurales. (shrink)

This study described the relationships between academic class and student moral sensitivity and reasoning and between curriculum design components for ethics education and student moral sensitivity and reasoning. The data were collected from freshman (n = 506) and senior students (n = 440) in eight baccalaureate nursing programs in South Korea by survey; the survey consisted of the Korean Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire and the Korean Defining Issues Test. The results showed that moral sensitivity scores in patient-oriented care and conflict were (...) higher in senior students than in freshman students. Furthermore, more hours of ethics content were associated with higher principled thinking scores of senior students. Nursing education in South Korea may have an impact on developing student moral sensitivity. Planned ethics content in nursing curricula is necessary to improve moral sensitivity and moral reasoning of students. (shrink)

El estudio de la motivación de la utilización de los sistemas de control avanzado de música ambiental y el hecho de crear un buen ambiente, una buena experiencia de cara al cliente que entra en un local a realizar una compra debido al atractivo generado por la música es el objetivo de esta investigación. El estudio de las emociones que se derivan de la utilización de la música en locales comerciales y la repercusión que tiene en el comportamiento de compra (...) del consumidor serán analizados con el estudio de varios casos de éxito sobre esta cuestión. (shrink)

In spite of the advances in our knowledge of cancer biology, most cancers remain not curable with present therapies. Current treatments consider cancer as resulting from uncontrolled proliferation and are non‐specific. Although they can reduce tumour burden, relapse occurs in most cases. This was long attributed to incomplete tumour elimination, but recent developments indicate that different types of cells contribute to the tumour structure, and that the tumour's cellular organization would be analogous to that of a normal tissue, with a (...) main mass of differentiating cells sensitive to anti proliferative agents, together with a small percentage of quiescent, resistant stem cells responsible for replenishing the tumour: the Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs). Anti‐CSCs targeted therapeutic agents would prevent tumour regeneration. New mouse models tailored to exploit this novel concept will be critical to develop CSC‐based anti‐cancer therapies. Here we review the biological basis and the therapeutic implications of the stem‐cell model of cancer. BioEssays 29:1269–1280, 2007. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (shrink)

We present a map of standard quantum mechanics onto a dual theory, that of the classical thermodynamics of irreversible processes. While no gravity is present in our construction, our map exhibits features that are reminiscent of the holographic principle of quantum gravity.

Traducción del alemán de Irene Borges-Duarte.